What is PteroMax?

Pterostilbene + Trans-Resveratrol + Polydatin + Polyphenols + OPCs.

A uniquely synergistic combination of the critical resveratrol analogs and derivatives augmented with a complex of super fruit and red wine polyphenols and OPCs formulated to provide the full range of resveratrol stilbenes and analogs in the concentration and amounts which the world’s top resveratrol researchers, physicians and biochemists have determined is most efficacious.

PteroMax is unquestionably the Platinum standard of resveratrol stilbene supplements. It is the only such supplement designed by health professionals to match the specific proportions and concentrations found to be most effective in published scientific studies.

PteroMax contains 100mg of concentrated Trans-pterostilbene.  This is 400 times the amount contained in the only other pterostilbene supplement our research librarian could locate for sale in either the US or Europe.  Potency equals value and efficacy.

Pterostilbene complements resveratrol by activating various genes, proteins, and biological pathways, that resveratrol only weekly modulates or does not effect at all, to provide greater antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cholesterol benefits.  Polydatin takes this one step further, and the OPCs and polyphenols in  PteroMax catalyze the entire formulation.

Resveratrol, Polydatin and Pterostilbenes are identical to the natural molecules found in grapes and blueberries and some other fruits.  The advantage of PteroMax is the purity and the concentration.

One capsule of PteroMax contains more Pterostilbene than 100 kg (220 pounds) of common organic blueberries, as well as more resveratrol than is contained in a dozen bottles of red wine, more polydatin than 500 kg (1100 pounds) of grapes, and a full spectrum of natural polyphenols, without additives, fillers, silica or other non functional ingredients of any type.

PteroMax gives you the critical nutrients found in fruits, green tea, and grapes but without the pesticides and other chemical contaminants commonly found in commercial produce.  It is also the most economical and convenient way to obtain the benefits of these super compounds.

Scientists throughout the world have concluded that these natural plant stilbenes play a powerful role in the fight against aging and the diseases of aging.  The scientific data regarding pterostilbene’s beneficial health effects are so compelling that the US Department of Agriculture has created a web site to educate consumers on the health benefits of Pterostilbene. 

Researchers have known for several years that combining the major derivatives of resveratrol into one complex and augmenting this combination with a range of polyphenols dramatically improves the bioavailability, efficacy and potency of the final complex versus the individual compounds taken separately. Polyphenols are not a solo act, they are individual instruments that are best enjoyed in a brilliantly composed  symphony performance.

PteroMax is a unique formulation, brought to you by Biotivia … the brand of resveratrol used in more scientific human clinical trials at the world’s most prestigious medical schools and research centers  than all other resveratrol brands combined.

What is Pterostilbene and what are its properties?

Pterostilbene is a chemical classified as a benzylidene compound (more specifically a stilbene) and is biologically classified as a phytoalexin, which are  antimicrobial substances that are part of the plant's defense system and are synthesized in response to pathogen infection.

Pterostilbene is known to have diverse pharmacological benefits for the prevention and treatment of a wide variety of diseases, including cancer, dyslipidemia, diabetes, cardiovascular degeneration, and pain. As a potent chemopreventative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agent, pterostilbene has the potential to ameliorate the effects of aging when used by healthy individuals. Pterostilbene may be effective in correcting the dyslipidemia that leads to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, as it can increase the HDL/ LDL cholesterol ratio.

What are sirtuins?

The sirtuins are a family of seven enzymes (SIRT1-7) with the potential to protect against

diseases such as hypertension and cancer. David Sinclair, Ph.D., Harvard Medical School,

and Leonard Guarente, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, found that calorie

restriction activates SIRT1, one of the key enzymes of the sirtuin family. Both Pterostilbene

and Resveratrol improve mitochondrial function and protect against metabolic disease by

activating SIRT1 and mimicking calorie restriction.

What are Stilbenes?

Stilbenes are low molecular weight (approximately 200-300 g/mol), naturally occurring polyphenol compounds produced by a variety of plants that secrete them in response to environmental challenges such as viral, microbial, and fungal infection or excessive ultraviolet exposure. Stilbenes are found in a wide range of plant families, including Vitis and Vaccinium. These molecules are synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway and are structurally similar to estrogen but do not act as estrogen. Natural sources of pterostilbene include Vitis vinifera, Vaccinium spp., and Pterocarpus spp.

Pharmacokinetics of Pterostilbene

Pterostilbene might show higher biological activity based on relatively higher bioavailability compared to resveratrol, since substitution of a hydroxyl  with a methoxy group increases the transport into cells and increases the metabolic stability of the molecule. Thus, pterostilbene is not as quickly glucuronidated and sulfated as resveratrol. In a recent study evaluating the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of trans-pterostilbene by intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg of pterostilbene into rats, a glucuronidated pterostilbene metabolite was detected in serum and urine. Another pharmacokinetic study carried out in rats showed the terminal elimination half-life and clearance of pterostilbene were 96.6 [ or -] 23.7 minutes  and 37.0 [ or -] 2.5 mL/min/kg, respectively, while its absolute oral bioavailability was 12.5 [ or -] 4.7 percent; in this study, pterostilbene  demonstrated improved pharmacokinetic characteristics over its naturally occurring analog, resveratrol.

Mechanisms of Action

Pterostilbene owes its potential to diverse pharmacological actions that may alleviate diseases associated with oxidative damage and aging and promotion of  health and an extended lifespan when used by healthy individuals. In general terms, the pharmacological actions of trans-pterostilbene are anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic and antioxidant; these activities stem from biological interactions at a fundamental level for both control of gene expression and enzyme activity modulation.

Antimicrobial

Resveratrol and its derivatives, including pterostilbene, are thought to be the most important stilbenes in grapevines (Vitis vinifera). One of the mechanisms of these substances in the plant appears to be their activity as an antimicrobial. Pterostilbene exhibits potent antifungal properties that are  5-10 times stronger than resveratrol. Pterostilbene also exhibits antiviral effects. The protection of the plant from various pathogens appears to be an important mechanism of stilbenes such as pterostilbene, and these protections may extend to humans and animals as well.

Antineoplastic

Pterostilbene exhibits anticancer effects via various molecular mechanisms. Studies show the actions of pterostilbene include modulation of signal transduction pathways, cell cycle regulatory genes, cell differentiation genes, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes.

Antioxidant Activities

Pterostilbene possesses potent, concentration-dependent, antioxidant effects. It is becoming increasingly clear that the specific pharmacological activities attributable to individual natural stilbenes are governed by the unique structural differences that distinguish them. For example, resveratrol (with three hydroxyl groups) neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) in whole blood and isolated lymphoblasts, whereas pinosylvin (with two hydroxyl groups) influences mainly intracellular ROS; pterostilbene (with two methoxy and one hydroxyl group) reduces extracellular ROS. This localization of antioxidative effect allows the use of pterostilbene to target extracellular reactive oxygen species that are, among other things, responsible for tissue damage during chronic inflammation.

Pterostilbene's peroxyl radical scavenging activity appears to be similar to resveratrol. Pterostilbene exhibited moderate inhibition  ([IC.sub.50] = 19.8 [micro]M) of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and was weakly active ([IC.sub.50] = 83.9 [micro]M) against COX-2; whereas, resveratrol strongly inhibited both isoforms of the enzyme with [IC.sub.50] values of approximately 1 [micro]M.

Anti-inflammatory

In an in vitro colitis model, pterostilbene inhibited prostaglandin E2 production in human colon adenocarcinoma cells. An anti-inflammatory analysis was conducted in which interleukin-1[beta] was introduced into canine chondrocytes followed by treatment with pterostilbene. Decreased levels of MMP-3 gene  expression (a structural gene for Stromelysin-1 protein thought to be active in the development of atherosclerosis, tumor initiation, and metastasis) and  tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-[alpha]; a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation) were noted, compared with control levels. Increased TNF-[alpha] production has been implicated in a variety of human diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Miscellaneous Mechanisms

Studies show pterostilbene, like its cousin resveratrol, possesses hypolipidemic and antidiabetic properties, and may be efficacious in  reversing the deleterious effects of aging such as cognitive function and working memory. Pterostilbene has properties that make it a potential chemopreventive agent. For example, it inhibited the activity of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 in vitro. CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 are the inducible forms of cytochrome P450 enzymes in extrahepatic tissues responsible for the biochemical conversion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines, and estradiol to potentially carcinogenic intermediate metabolites. Pterostilbene inhibits human CYP1A1 catalytic activity with a Ki value of 0.57 [micro]M,  thus exhibiting a stronger inhibitory effect on CYP1A1 in comparison to resveratrol. Pterostilbene inhibits CYP1B1 with a Ki value of 0.91 [micro]M, comparable to that of resveratrol. Its effect on CYP1A2 is the most potent, with a Ki value of 0.39 [micro]M. Pterostilbene exhibited an analgesic effect in Sprague-Dawley rats dosed intravenously with 20 mg/kg. The animals had an increased latency period to response in both tail-flick and hot-plate analgesic tests.

Clinical Indications

Infection

Pterostilbene shows potent antiviral activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV) at 10 [micro]M, with no associated toxicity. Pterostilbene inhibited infectious particle assembly and secretion and caused a reduction of intracellular infectivity. Pterostilbene is also an agonist of the peroxisome  proliferator-activated receptor [alpha] (PPAR-[alpha]) that is known to be required for HCV RNA replication.

Cancer  (Special Caveat: No Biotivia product is intended or has been shown to diagnose, prevent, treat or cure any form of Cancer.  The studies and statements set forth on this site have not been reviewed, approved or endorsed by the FDA or any other US government organisation.  Your own physician is the sole authority on your treatment. The below evidence has been excerpted from public domain sources and is thought be reliable.  It is not a product of Biotivia’s scientists nor is it meant in any way to imply that you will obtain the benefits, if any, noted in the study or trials.)

Studies have demonstrated concentration-dependent anticancer activity of pterostilbene in many cancer cell lines in the range of 1-100 mcg/ mL.  The induction of apoptosis by pterostilbene may be the key mechanism of its antitumor effects on human gastric cancer. Experimental evidence shows that  pterostilbene has potential for the prevention or treatment of colon, liver, skin, pancreatic, lung, and breast cancer.

In a rat colon carcinogenesis model pterostilbene suppressed aberrant crypt foci formation, one of the earliest changes seen in the colon that may lead to cancer. Additional animal data show oral pterostilbene dosing suppressed colon tumorigenesis and cell proliferation in rats injected with the colon cancer-causing substance azoxymethane. An in vitro test using human colon adenoma cells showed pterostilbene reduced gene expression of Myc (a transcription factor persistently expressed in many cancers, causing unregulated cell proliferation), cyclin D (a protein that may contribute to

tumorigenesis), and beta-catenin (a protein that helps regulate cell growth and adhesion), as well as decreased phosphorylation (and subsequent down-regulation) of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-[kappa]B) p65 (which is associated with more advanced colon cancer and metastasis).

Pterostilbene inhibited tumor invasion via suppression of multiple signal transduction pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, including matrix metalloproteinase-9, and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), activator-protein-1 (AP-1), mitogen-activated protein  kinase (MAPK), NF-[kappa]B, and others.

Gastric cancer is the second most prevalent cause of worldwide cancer-related deaths and is significantly correlated with dietary habits, including increased reliance on processed meats and decreased intake of polyphenol-containing fruits and vegetables. In an in vitro study of human gastric adenocarcinoma cells,  pterostilbene inhibited cellular proliferation and induced apoptosis via a number of mechanisms, including activation of the caspase cascade, alteration of  cell-cycle regulating proteins, and damage to mitochondrial membranes by ROS.

Pterostilbene has significant potential for a therapeutic role in the treatment of melanoma. In vitro exposure of melanoma cells to pterostilbene showed  a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth in association with increased effector caspase activity. In vitro growth of highly malignant mouse  melanoma cells was inhibited by exposure to pterostilbene and quercetin at 40 [micro]M and 20 [micro]M, respectively. Oral dosing failed to inhibit cell growth; however, intravenous co-administration of pterostilbene and quercetin to mice inhibited liver metastasis by 73 percent, most likely through an inhibition of vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression.

Pterostilbene and resveratrol are both effective in inhibiting carcinogenesis in mouse epidermis. In a mouse model, resveratrol and pterostilbene  inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-activated NF-[kappa]B and AP-1 activation, in addition to reduced COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity.

A rat liver epithelial cell model showed that pretreatment with pterostilbene was effective in preventing gap junction damage by hydrogen peroxide and the loss of intercellular communication that leads to unregulated cell proliferation.

Aging

The ability of pterostilbene to reduce the deleterious effects of aging was demonstrated in a study of resveratrol and six resveratrol analogues. Aged rats fed a diet containing pterostilbene showed a reversal of age-related cognitive behavioral deficits.

Inflammation

Stilbenes have been shown to inhibit the activity of ROS. In vitro studies comparing pterostilbene, resveratrol, and pinosylvin showed that pterostilbene added to whole blood and the culture medium of activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes targets mainly extracellular reactive oxygen species, the site of tissue damage during chronic inflammation. Pterostilbene suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2. Researchers found that pterostilbene also inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and p38 MAPK. This showed that pterostilbene downregulates inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 gene expression in macrophages by

inhibiting the activation of NF-[kappa]B and by interfering with the activation of PI3K/Akt/IKK and MAPK pathways.

Diabetes/Dyslipidemia

Investigations conducted to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of pterostilbene against streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats showed it to be effective in ameliorating dyslipidemia, which is thought to play a significant role in the increased cardiovascular mortality seen in diabetics. Oral  administration of high-dose pterostilbene (40 mg/kg body weight) for six weeks significantly reduced serum VLDL and LDL cholesterol and increased serum HDL cholesterol. Triglycericles, phospholipids, free fatty acids, and total cholesterol were reduced. Pterostilbene also increased antioxidant activity in diabetic rats, who demonstrated normalization of lipid peroxidation with pterostilbene treatment.

Administration of pterostilbene significantly reduced pathological changes seen in liver and kidney of diabetic rats. Pterostilbene given at 40 mg/kg significantly decreased plasma glucose and increased insulin levels in normal and diabetic rats. Pterostilbene administration also resulted in a significant reduction of glycosylated hemoglobin.

Pterostilbene was found in vitro to be a PPAR-[alpha] agonist, which can lower both plasma cholesterol and glucose. Feeding hypercholesterolemic hamsters a diet containing 25 ppm pterostilbene resulted in a 29-percent lower plasma LDL cholesterol, seven-percent higher HDL cholesterol, 14-percent lower glucose, and a lower LDL/HDL ratio, compared to controls. Intraperitoneal administration of pterostilbene in rats significantly lowered blood glucose, an effect comparable to that of metformin.

Side Effects and Toxicity

Pterostilbene is not known to be toxic or cause adverse effects in humans. In mice fed trans-pterostilbene for 28 days at doses up to 3000 mg/ kg body weight/day, equivalent to 500 times the estimated mean human intake (25 mg/day), no significant toxic effects or adverse biochemical parameters were noted,  compared to controls.

Dosage

Data extrapolation from animal studies suggest a dose of 50-100 mg twice daily.

Special Caveat: No Biotivia product is intended or has been shown to diagnose, prevent, treat or cure any form of disease or adverse medical condition.  The studies and statements set forth on this site have not been reviewed, approved or endorsed by the FDA or any other US government organisation.  Your own physician is the sole authority on your treatment. The evidence presented on this page and on links to search engine results have been excerpted from public domain sources and is thought be reliable.  It is not a product of Biotivia’s scientists nor is it meant in any way to imply that you will obtain the benefits, if any, noted in the study or trials.